加油站和油库的油气，以前是“闻得到、抓不着、管不住”。现在不行了。GB20952—2020把油气处理装置的排放浓度锁死在25g/m³，排放口距地不得低于4米。更关键的是，标准修订时明确了一个导向：加油站的主线任务是“密闭回收”，不是“末端处理”。这意味着，如果回收系统本身漏了、堵了、气液比跑了，后面装再贵的处理装置也是白搭。

The oil and gas at gas stations and oil depots used to be "audible, elusive, and uncontrollable". It's not possible now. GB20952-2020 locks the emission concentration of oil and gas treatment equipment at 25g/m ³, and the distance between the discharge outlet and the ground shall not be less than 4 meters. More importantly, during the revision of the standard, a clear direction was established: the main task of gas stations is "closed recycling", not "end of pipe processing". This means that if the recycling system itself leaks, gets clogged, or the gas-liquid ratio runs out, installing expensive processing equipment later will be useless.

先管住三个数，再谈处理工艺。

Control three numbers first, then discuss the processing technology.

加油站油气回收系统的日常监管，绕不开三个参数：气液比、密闭性、液阻。

The daily supervision of the gas recovery system at gas stations cannot be separated from three parameters: gas-liquid ratio, airtightness, and liquid resistance.

气液比（A/L）必须在1.0到1.2之间。低于1.0，说明油气没抽够，直接排了；高于1.2，真空泵抽得太猛，可能把空气也吸进去，反而降低回收效率。很多加油站气液比不达标，原因很朴素：加油枪集气罩没扣紧、真空泵坏了没修、或者干脆把回气管阀门关了。这不是技术问题，是管理问题。

The gas-liquid ratio (A/L) must be between 1.0 and 1.2. If it is below 1.0, it indicates that the oil and gas have not been pumped enough and have been directly discharged; If it is higher than 1.2, the vacuum pump may draw in too much air, which may actually reduce the recovery efficiency. Many gas stations do not meet the gas-liquid ratio standards due to simple reasons: the gas collection hood of the fuel gun is not tightened, the vacuum pump is broken and not repaired, or the return pipe valve is simply closed. This is not a technical issue, it is a management issue.

密闭性差是另一个高频硬伤。埋地油罐人孔盖、卸油口、P/V阀、油气回收管线接口，任何一个点漏了，整个系统的回收效果归零。标准要求对通气管上的呼吸阀至少每3个月维护一次，很多站从来没做过这件事。

Poor sealing is another high-frequency hard injury. If any point of the manhole cover, oil discharge port, P/V valve, or oil and gas recovery pipeline interface of the buried oil tank leaks, the recovery effect of the entire system will be reduced to zero. The standard requires maintenance of the breathing valve on the ventilation pipe at least every 3 months, which many stations have never done before.

液阻反映的是地下回收管线通不通。管线坡度不够、积液井满了没排，油气回不去，加油时产生的油气就只能憋在枪口附近往外冒。

Liquid resistance reflects whether the underground recycling pipeline is connected or not. The pipeline slope is not enough, the accumulation well is full but not discharged, and the oil and gas cannot return. The oil and gas generated during refueling can only be trapped near the muzzle and emitted outward.

再说处理工艺：没有“最好”，只有“最匹配”。

Speaking of processing techniques: there is no 'best', only 'best match'.

目前主流的四种工艺，各有脾气：

At present, there are four mainstream processes, each with its own temperament:

冷凝法：适合高浓度油气，浓度越高效果越好。但有个致命软肋——水蒸气会结霜堵住冷凝器，需要定期除霜。而且尾气浓度降不到很低，单独用很难稳定卡住25g/m³的线。

Condensation method: suitable for high concentration oil and gas, the higher the concentration, the better the effect. But there is a fatal weakness - water vapor can frost and block the condenser, requiring regular defrosting. Moreover, the exhaust concentration cannot be reduced to a very low level, making it difficult to stabilize the 25g/m ³ line when used alone.

吸附法：活性炭或硅胶把油气“抓住”，再脱附回收。浓度越低，吸附效果反而越好，和冷凝法正好互补。但活性炭吸附是放热过程，高浓度油气进来时炭层温度能飙到80～90℃，有安全风险。

Adsorption method: Activated carbon or silica gel captures oil and gas, and then desorbs and recovers it. The lower the concentration, the better the adsorption effect, which complements the condensation method perfectly. But activated carbon adsorption is an exothermic process, and when high concentration oil and gas enter, the temperature of the carbon layer can soar to 80-90 ℃, which poses a safety risk.

膜分离法：不挑浓度，从30%降到3%和从3%降到0.3%，效率一样稳定。但膜组件贵，国产化程度低，运行能耗也偏高。

Membrane separation method: without selecting concentration, the efficiency remains stable when reduced from 30% to 3% and from 3% to 0.3%. However, membrane components are expensive, have a low degree of localization, and have high operating energy consumption.

吸收法：用柴油或专用吸收剂把油气“洗”下来。回收率在几种工艺里垫底，尾气浓度很难压下来，现在单独用的已经很少了。

Absorption method: Wash off the oil and gas with diesel or specialized absorbent. The recovery rate is at the bottom of several processes, and it is difficult to reduce the concentration of exhaust gas. Nowadays, it is rarely used alone.

所以现在的主流是组合拳：冷凝先把高浓度油气“打下来”，减轻后面吸附或膜的负荷；吸附负责收尾，把低浓度尾气做干净。有项目实测，组合工艺回收率能做到99%以上，排放浓度压到1.0g/m³以下，远优于国标要求。

So the mainstream now is the combination punch: condensation first "blows down" high concentration oil and gas, reducing the load on adsorption or membrane later; Adsorption is responsible for finishing and cleaning the low concentration exhaust gas. According to project testing, the combined process recovery rate can reach over 99%, and the emission concentration can be reduced to below 1.0g/m ³, far exceeding the national standard requirements.

一个容易被忽略的细节：罐压控制。

An easily overlooked detail: tank pressure control.

三次油气回收处理装置不是一直在跑的。合理的设定是：罐压超过+150Pa时启动处理，降到0～50Pa时停机。如果压力感应设得太低，装置频繁启停，膜和泵的寿命都打折；设得太高，油气在罐里憋着，呼吸阀一开，直接排大气。

The tertiary oil and gas recovery and treatment device is not always running. A reasonable setting is to start processing when the tank pressure exceeds+150Pa and stop when it drops to 0-50Pa. If the pressure sensing is set too low and the device frequently starts and stops, the lifespan of the membrane and pump will be compromised; Setting it too high, oil and gas are trapped in the tank, and when the breathing valve is opened, it directly exhausts the atmosphere.

油气回收这件事，70%靠日常运维，30%靠设备选型。标准在收紧，监管在加码，与其等罚单上门，不如先把那三个数管住。

Oil and gas recovery relies 70% on daily operation and 30% on equipment selection. Standards are tightening and regulations are increasing. Instead of waiting for fines to come knocking on the door, it's better to first control those three numbers.

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